There's More to a Beach than Sand - Beach Trash and Treasure

a Discussion
by E. Kay Gibson 

I regularly walk a stretch of beach on North Hutchinson Island in Fort Pierce, Florida, picking up trash that has either been left behind or has washed in or been blown in by the wind and sea.  Where does it come from? 

I believe that the short answer for most of the sort of trash that finds its way on to our beaches here in Florida is three-fold:

accidental spillage from boats and ships, especially storm-tossed container ships,

thoughtlessness such as balloon launching, especially balloons trailing long strings.  Some come from local sources, but most come from cruise ships. 

The third and probably without doubt the biggest source is the deliberate dumping of refuse by third world countries in Central and South America and throughout the Caribbean islands that don't have the will and/or the financial resources to properly deal with their accumulated trash.  

99% of what I find and pick up is Trash -- most of it made of plastic.  The other 1% comes under the heading of "Treasures".  Spring Break, when the beaches are full of careless people, always results in a lot of interesting items.  Last year was especially fruitful:  hats, T-shirts, sun glasses, flip flops, socks, fishing gear, swim goggles, assorted kids' beach toys, a beach chair with the price tag still on it, and even an unopened can of beer that had been brewed in Rochester, New York. 

A breezy day out of the Southeast always brings in a collection of memorial things.  A couple of my favorites include The Lion King and this funky old soft shoe.

While there's a fun side of beach trash, there's also a serious side.

For the past 25 years, an organization known as the Ocean Conservancy has sponsored the International Coastal Cleanup.  On one day a year –always the third Saturday in September -- thousands of volunteers working worldwide in around 150 countries and locations pick up and inventory beach trash.  Over the 25-year time span since the first Coastal Cleanup occurred, volunteers have picked up more than 166 million individual items of trash.  Remember!  That's just the trash picked up from many of our world's beaches on one specific day of each year for the past 25 years.  Let's break down that number:

Nearly 87 million items fall under the classification of Shoreland and Recreational Activities and include such things as paper bags, plastic bags, balloons, beverage containers, caps, lids, plastic utensils, paper and plastic plates and bowls, food wrappers and containers, straws, 6-pack holders, and even shotgun shells and wadding and golf balls. 

Thirteen million items are categorized as ocean and waterway activities.  These include bait containers and packaging, bleach and other cleaning solution bottles used by recreational boaters and fishermen, buoys, floats, crab, lobster, and fish traps, cages, fishing line, fishing lures and gear, light bulbs and fluorescent tubes, oil and other lubricant bottles, pallets, plastic sheeting, rope, and strapping bands.

The sea did strange things to this knotted piece of poly rope.

Fifty-nine million items of debris originated from smokers and consisted of cigarette filters (52,907,756 to be exact), cigarette lighters, cigar tips, and tobacco packaging and wrappers. 

Quite clearly Smoking is Dangerous For Our Beaches.

Household appliances, batteries, cars, car parts, building materials, 55 gallon drums, and tires amounted to four and a half million items.

And lastly is the category Medical / Personal Hygiene: 

632,412 condoms.

863,135 diapers.

349,251 syringes – many with needles still in place.

599,355 tampons and applicator.

I found the statistics regarding all this trash amazing.  But not surprising. 

Have you ever seen this number?  144,606,491.  That's the weight in pounds of all of the trash that has been collected annually worldwide by Ocean Conservancy volunteers since the annual cleanup began.  That amounts to 72,303 TONS OF TRASH.

Since those numbers are almost too large to comprehend, let me give you a little easier figure to contemplate:  eight million.  The year 2010's one-day International Coastal Cleanup resulted in a collection of more than eight million pounds or 4,000 tons of trash.  It's incredible!  4,000 tons of trash picked up worldwide on our beaches in one day.  That's enough trash to cover 170 football fields.  It was picked up by more than 615,000 volunteers – ordinary folks like you and me -- scouring the coastlines of our world's oceans, lakes, and rivers. 

In Florida on that one day in 2010, volunteers picked up 174 tons of trash.  It would require twelve of a community's largest compacting trash trucks loaded to their fullest capacity to handle that amount of trash. 

Over the five winters that I have been walking on a beach here in Florida picking up trash, I have found quantities of all of the items enumerated by the Ocean Conservancy except for household appliances, batteries, cars, and car parts.  In their place I did find part of an airplane that crashed in the Atlantic last winter. 

Somewhere buried under miscellaneous in the figures I have given you is a reflection of the great numbers of tooth brushes I find.

Also reflected under miscellaneous are the shoes, hats, T-shirts and other assorted clothing that finds its way to the beach. 

But the figures don't include the black lace lady's unmentionable that I found alongside an empty champagne bottle one New Year's Day morning. 

Folks who came to hear my initial presentation of this paper wondered why I regularly hike "my beach beat" and were surprised by simple answer:  Sea Beans.

Dozens of different types of beans and seeds regularly wash ashore on the beaches of the east coast of Florida.  A few of the plants that produce these seeds and beans grow in Florida, but most are from tropical locations as far away as the Amazon River basin.  I put my sea beans in a basket as I would shells but some folks make and sell lovely jewelry.

I also look for items which fit into the category of marine biology:

A Mermaid's Purse is a protective egg case for either a juvenile clear nose skate or a stingray –or perhaps both.  It is released into the ocean and floats until the young skate or ray hatches.  The "arms" on the Mermaid's Purse enable it to entangle itself in the floating Sargassum weed where it finds protection from predators.  At about nine weeks, the tiny animal escapes from a break in the skin of the mermaid's purse.

Sargassum, which has more than 500 varieties, is a type of sea weed.  It is also classed as algae.  Unlike a land weed, it does not have a plant system of roots, leaves, etc., and it does not reproduce using seeds.  Rather it sends out long arms that branch into more arms or limbs that continue branching, eventually creating huge floating beds that if left undisturbed can cover acres of the ocean.  Sargassum weed has as part of its structure small balls that are air bladders that support the algae and enable it to float and remain at the ocean's surface where it gets the sunlight that it needs for the process of photosynthesis.  While most Sargassum weed stays afloat, strong winds can blow some ashore where it gathers at the high tide line forming lines of weed called wrack.  Caught up in the Sargassum wrack are treasures, some of which include the seabeans which I and countless others collect.

On rare occasion one might find in the wrack a white bony structure which resembles Christ on the cross.  This comes from the skull of a gafftopsail catfish also known as a sailcat.  In addition to having this unique skull bone, the male sailcat carries out a unique function.  It holds the eggs of the female sailcat in his mouth to protect them from predation.  He can carry up to 50 of them.  Because of its unique skull bone, the sailcat is referred to as the Crucifix Fish.

Purple sea snails, which are also found in the Sargassum wrack, have a unique mechanism for staying afloat.  Their "foot" secretes a cluster of tiny bubbles that give the snail buoyancy.  Eventually the lucky snail that hasn't been eaten will find a bed of Sargussum where it finds both protection and food.

The most exciting find I have ever made is the egg case from a small complete paper nautilus which is a member of the octopus family.  The egg case I have is less than 2" high so it is estimated that this was from a first-year mother whose scientific name is argonauta argo.

The female paper nautilus – not to be confused with the beautiful channeled nautilus of the Pacific – creates the beautiful egg case from secretions and stays nestled within it until her eggs hatch and the young are ready to fend for themselves in the open ocean.  At that point, she swims away from the egg case, the young drift away, and the fragile white egg case is set adrift, floating like a small boat -- occasionally coming ashore. 

Also exciting and in a totally different class was the rock I found that looks like Mickey Mouse.

Messages in bottles are always a fascinating topic of discussion.  Over the years while my husband and I were doing long-distance boating between Maine and the Bahamas and the Caribbean Islands, I sent a number of messages by "sea mail."  Much of it eventually reached its intended recipient.  The most interesting bottle was launched about two miles off the coast of Morehead City, North Carolina.  It was found exactly one year later on a beach in Genoa, Italy, having made an extraordinary journey that eventually took it through the tiny Straits of Gibraltar.  My bottle and similar ones are mentioned in Flotsametrics and the Floating World by Curtis Ebbesmeyer and Eric Scigliano. Only a few other bottles are known to have made a similar journey.  Since I started spending winters in Florida a few years ago I have had the fun of experiencing what it's like to find a bottle carrying a message.  The first was launched from Key West by students conducting a drift study.  The second was launched by a young man who was serving as Second Mate on the Chinese container ship transiting the Gulf Stream.  He included his email address and was anxious to correspond with an English speaking person so he could try to improve his language skills.

The last bottle pictured below, has an interesting history.  It was launched on June 1, 2004, off Sombrero Key in the Keys as part of a study of conch larvae movement.  The study was conducted by the Gulf Caribbean Fisheries Institute.  When I found the small bottle, it was pristine as if it had just been launched, so I was surprised to find that it had been around for so long.

The scientists and I surmise that it was washed ashore and buried by the movement of sand during the hurricanes which struck Florida in 2004.  This fall, very strong easterly winds caused tremendous amounts of beach erosion on Florida's east coast.  That activity uncovered the bottle and set it adrift for a second time.  It was a lucky find indeed.

I hope I've brought you a little closer to your beach.  Wherever your beach is, it really is a very special place.  Thank you for helping to respect it and care for it.  And thank you for carrying a little trash bag with you the next time you take a stroll on the sand or the rocks.  Plastic on our beaches doesn't have to be a headache without a cure.

Here's the scoop on some great resources

Websites:  www.flotsametrics.com:  Up to date information on debris from Japanese tsunami.

                    www. SeaBeans.com.  Everything you wanted to know about sea beans and related beach finds is here.

                    www.Beachbeans.com.  More information on sea beans, source for seabean jewelry.

                    www.Ocean Conservancy.org.  Information on annual coastal cleanup and much more.

Books:

Sea Beans from the Tropics by Ed Perry IV and John V. Dennis

The Nature of Florida's Beaches by Cathie Katz

Flotsametrics and the Floating World: How One Man's Obsession with Runaway Sneakers and Rubber Ducks Revolutionized Ocean Science by Dr. Curtis C. Ebbesmeyer and Eric Scigliano

Moby-duck:  the True Story of 28,000 Bath Toys Lost at Sea and of the Beachcombers, Oceanographers, Environmentalists, and Fools, Including the Author, Who Went in Search of Them by Donovan Hohn

E. Kay Gibson is the author of Brutality On Trial:  Hellfire Pedersen, Fighting Hansen, and the Seamen's Act of 1915, published by University Press of Florida, Gainesville, FL.  She is also the author of Boatdog Bess published by the Great Cranberry Island Historical Society (GCIHS.org).  She is also the co-author of four books dealing with military marine transportation and which include Over Seas:  U.S. Army Maritime Operations, 1898 Through the [1942] Fall of the Philippines.  Kay divides her time between Camden, Maine, and Fort Pierce, Florida.    She can be reached year round at PO Box 638, Camden, ME 04843.

Tsunami Debris Arrives in America

Tsunami Debris Arrives in America

            — Fishing buoys from Japan’s 3.11 tsunami coast

                strand from Oregon to Kodiak, Alaska

by Curtis. C. Ebbesmeyer

All rights reserved

Please reference as follows:  from blog posted on January 12 at www.flotsametrics.com

Figure 1.  Tsunami Debris First Arrivals — Three Types of fishing buoys:  Type1 (top panel) — Cylindrical shaped hard plastic with handles at both ends, some with ribs around them.  They come in black and orange; Type 2 (lower left) — Cylindrical shaped Styrofoam, some covered with canvas; and Type 3 (lower right) —  Football-shaped, orange and yellow.  Dave Ingraham photo collage.

Figure 2.  Buoy Flotation.  The water line was evident on some of the Type 1 buoys.  Note the line marking the separation of marine growth below the water line, and little growth above the water line.  Taken together, the beachcombers’ photographs indicated that they floated on their side with half of their bodies above the water line exposed to the wind.

Introduction           

        I felt like Paul Revere riding through a dark town without any lights coming on.  Tsunami debris was arriving a year earlier than other sources predicted.  How, beachcombers asked, could I be sure?  Here’s my account as I write during the Holidays (circa December 24, 2011, to January 4, 2012).  Additional data arrives daily at Beachcombers’ Alert HQ.  Consult blogs at www.flotsametrics.com.

            On March 11, 2011, a magnitude nine earthquake devastated northern Japan.  The subsequent tsunami inundated approximately 1,300 hundred miles of coastline.  As the tsunami receded, it sucked millions of tons of flotsam into coastal waters, forming a vast field of debris which is now drifting across the North Pacific Ocean.  From experience with individual flotsam, I knew some debris items should, after some months, arrive in North America.  Unfortunately, the media did not understand windage, i.e., how the winds sail flotsam which sticks well above the water.

            According to various media sources, the main mass of the debris field would arrive in America after two years or so, a prediction which lulled coastal communities into thinking they had time to prepare action plans for dealing with the possibility of massive debris arriving on their beaches.

            Through numerous media interviews, it became evident that my hosts had difficulty in understanding how the winds sort flotsam.  In Flotsametrics and the Floating World (see www.flotsametrics.com; p. 90), I tried to teach about windage:  “The sea is very tidy.  When onshore winds blow, you can see the invisible hand of the floating world at work, sorting flotsam in both time and space.  The wind pushes objects that rise above the water faster than those that are less exposed, and things wash up in sequences: Bic lighters one day, toothbrushes the next.  Along the Washington coast, the first wash-ups to arrive are the airy purple jellyfish known as by-the-wind sailors (Velella velella).”

            “Next come electric light bulbs, followed by the larger glass balls once used to suspend fishing nets.  Riding lowest, and landing last, are the rolling-pin shaped glass floats used to net octopus at the sea bottom.  Like birds of a feather, flotsam of similar wind resistance flocks together.  One beachcomber, Vardon Tremain, came upon three beaches near the village of Tambor on Costa Rica’s Pacific coast named after the flotsam they collected: Sandal Beach, Toy Beach, and Bottle Beach.  The south shore of Maui has Lumberyard Beach, a hundred-yard stretch where driftwood piles up; very little reaches the adjacent shoreline.”

            “Such inshore sorting marks the end of a process that begins thousands of miles up-current and echoes around the gyre [North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, a.k.a., Turtle Gyre].  Pervasive though it is, it went unexamined until we tried to account for its effects with OSCURS.  Jim labored to estimate how the winds affected both the speed and route of the particular flotsam released in each container spill.  He boiled windage down to two numbers.  One is the wind factor — how much faster than surface water an object drifted under a given wind.  The other is the deflection angle: Surface water has long been known to move at a forty five-degree angle to the wind.  But each type of flotsam moves at a different windage and angle.  So to get accurate readings of water movements, oceanographers seek to reduce the wind resistance of the drifters they release.”

            As I lectured at along the coast of Washington State, audiences asked how I could be sure debris originated from the tsunami.  I’m an engineer and oceanographer by training, and cautious in arriving at conclusions.  The tsunami reminded me of what native Americans have long known: that a disaster in Japan often sends debris across the Pacific.  Judging from the incredible amounts of debris shown in photos of Japanese coastal waters immediately after the tsunami, I expected vast quantities to strand around the North Pacific Ocean. 

            Recognizing the origins of the debris required the inspection of photo reports from many beachcombers, as well as computer simulations of the transpacific drift.  I became convinced when many beachcombers began reporting the same three fishing buoys stranding in two months (October, November, 2011) along thousands of miles of shoreline (Oregon to Kodiak, Alaska),  my experience with historical flotsam, results of the drift simulations, and the provenance of the buoys themselves.

            Epiphanies occurred on Tuesdays when Washington beachcombers gathered to hear my first two talks concerning tsunami debris, the first at Ocean Shores (November 2, 2011), and the second at Port Angeles (December 13, 2011).  Please see the chronological listing at the end of this report.  In the hopes of  revealing what to expect in the coming months, in this blog I review the first three months of debris arrival.

Figure 3.  Drift of the first arrivals in North America from Japan’s Tsunami simulated by Jim Ingraham using OSCURS.  Buoy tracks begin off the tsunami coast on March 11, 2011.  Using US Navy data, the tracks progress day by day across the Pacific Ocean until October 13, 2011, when the buoys had arrived at many locations from Oregon north to Kodiak, Alaska (see chronological list at end of blog).  Beachcombers found the buoys at the following earliest times and in the greatest geographic range: earliest, September 26-October 4, Kodiak, Alaska, and October 8-9, immediately south of Cape Flattery, Washington; geographical range: Heceta Head, Oregon, to Kodiak, Alaska. Dave Ingraham photo collage.

Epiphany No. 1: Tuesday, November 2, Ocean Shores, WA

        — Fish Attraction Buoy    

     In the months after the tsunami, OSCURS (standing for the computer program known as the Ocean SURface Current Simulator), as well as independent simulations from the University of Hawaii, showed the main debris field covering an area the size of the state of California.  It’s not a continuous island, in my estimation, but individual items as well as floating islands perhaps a few hundred feet across.  By October, the prevailing winds and currents had pushed the field’s leading edge, the flotsam closest to America, half way across the Pacific to a position north of Hawaii.

            In my November 2^nd lecture, I reviewed the historical debris which had drifted from Japan across the North Pacific (see www.flotsametrics.com).  I divided the flotsam drift into three geographical patterns: 1) Directly across the Pacific to North America; 2) Across the Pacific without stranding in America, looping south into the Great Garbage Patch (beneath the high pressure cell of atmospheric pressure located midway between San Francisco, CA, and Hawaii); and 3) Around the North Pacific’s two great gyres returning to Japan (flotsam requires six years to loop around the Subtropical Gyre and / or three years to orbit the Subarctic Gyre).

            As to the fraction of flotsam taking these routes, it is anyone’s guess.  Nevertheless, I like  to reason from hypotheses based on my flotsam experience.  Firstly, I estimate that 25% of the flotsam will follow each of these three pathways, the fourth quarter sinking in transit beneath the waves.  Second, there’s a rough rule that flotsam released in a gyre tends to stay in that gyre (akin to the rule for happenings in Las Vegas).  The tub toys, for example, lost twenty years ago in the Subarctic Gyre (a.k.a., Aleut Gyre; January 1992), mostly stranded around Aleut gyre.  The tsunami debris, too, also began adrift in the Subarctic Gyre, leading me to suspect that it will mostly wash up along the toy routes.  That is, along the shore from southeast Alaska, west along the Aleutian Islands, further west to the Kamchatka Peninsula, and returning in 2014 to the tsunami coast.

            On the computer with OSCURS, Jim had been charting the progress of the tsunami debris at monthly intervals when the US Navy updated its files of daily weather data.  He’d simulated high-windage drifters, but not nearly as high as the windage of the following drifter.  My review that chilly Tuesday evening in Ocean Shores included flotsam of varying windage.  One flotsam, a Fish Attraction Buoy / Device (a FAD in oceanographic jargon), had drifted in 8.0 months from the tsunami coast to Copalis Beach, WA, not far from where I was lecturing.  At 30 feet long overall, the cylindrical part measured 11 feet long by 47 inches in diameter, connected to a 7-foot mast.  The waterline on the cylinder indicated that it sailed rapidly before the wind, explaining how it sped across the Pacific at twenty miles per day.  Adding this transpacific crossing to the tsunami date of March 11, yielded November 11, 2011, an arrival to the week that I lectured in Ocean Shores.

            On August 9, 2006, super typhoon Saomai tore the FAD free from its anchor off the village of Ginoza, Okinawa.  On April 9, 2007, Kathy Klee reported the buoy off Copalis, Washington (see Beachcombers’ Alert, July-September, 2008).  OSCURS revealed it had floated north from Okinawa to positions off the tsunami coast, then directly across the Pacific to Copalis Beach.  With OSCURS, Jim computed the two windage parameters necessary for the winds and currents to drag the FAD across the Pacific three times faster than surface water.

            OSCURS caused me to review many historical flotsam (such as small craft like a Boston Whaler) exposed above the waterline such that the winds sailed them at a speed similar to that of the FAD.  It seemed reasonable that amongst the millions of tons of tsunami debris some of these high-windage drifters would be floating across the Pacific, including boats, houses, FADs and other large fishing buoys.  This led me to ask Jim to run OSCURS with hypothetical FAD buoys launched along the tsunami coast. 

            With OSCURS, Jim launched six buoy tracks off the tsunami coast on March 11, 2011.  Using US Navy data, the tracks progressed day-by-day across the Pacific until October 31, 2011, the last day that data were available.  By Halloween, OSCURS indicated that five buoys (one headed into the Garbage Patch) had arrived in America from Washington State north to Southeast Alaska. 

            During November and December, I conducted numerous media interviews, requesting beachcombers to report large debris which I thought should have arrived on American shores.  By Pearl Harbor Day, however, none had been reported.  Beachcombers as well as myself, however, did not know what specific flotsam to expect.  That would soon change with Epiphany No. 2, also on a Tuesday, and stemming from other large fishing buoys.

Figure 4.  Buoys in Japan.  Fishing floats washed up by the tsunami in Hadenya Port on Shizugawa Bay, Minamisanriku, Japan.  The three types of buoys found in America were identified in this photograph.  Photo adapted from Jim Seida, msnbc.com.

Epiphany No. 2: Tuesday, December 13, Port Angeles, WA      

        — Two fishing buoys

            By mid-December, I had no beachcomber reports to confirm Jim’s OSCURS’ prediction of tsunami debris arriving by Halloween.  Beachcombers know well flotsam’s windage.  The first and fastest flotsam arrives unannounced on the shore.  It is up to us, the beachcombers, to perform the necessary detective work to finger their identity.  It took me some weeks, however, to catch up with their observations.  I had my chance in  the logging town of Port Angeles, Washington, home to many diligent beachcombers.

            The first epiphany resulted from the drift of a fishing buoy.  I should have guessed that other buoys would produce the second epiphany.  This one began not with buoys but with arrows launched from a famous Coast Guard cutter.

            As serendipity would have it, out of the blue, Dave Forcucci, US Coast Guard marine scientist, emailed to see if I was interested in his drift arrow project.  During a long cruise of the  US Research Icebreaker Healy, Dave spent his off duty hours fabricating wooden arrows, burning each with his website address (www.driftarrow.com), then shooting them overboard.  Dave’s email sparked my interest because I had once visited the Healy in Kodiak 

            Dave wondered if I thought the arrows’ drift might add to oceanographic science.  After a flurry of emails, we decided to shoot them as the Healy steamed from Hawaii to Dutch Harbor located on the Aleutian Peninsula.  Jim simulated the arrows’ drift with OSCURS, adding the monthly updates to those he was conducting for the tsunami debris.

            Thus began Epiphany No. 2, though I did not know it at the time.  Months went by.  Then Dave emailed with another idea.  Would I be interested in sorting the trash gathered during early October from a beach just south of Cape Flattery, the northwestern-most point of Washington State.  I love to sort beach trash.  So I volunteered to do it.  After I delayed a bit, Dave said he’d  haul the trash to Port Angeles.  We decided on early December, a time when Jim and I could both get away during the Holidays.

            Events took on a life of their own.  Soon I found myself preparing for another day of epiphany, Tuesday, December 13.  The day would include trash sorting in the morning, a lecture in the evening , followed by a drive west to Forks to visit with beachcomber John Anderson.  The buoys discovered that day were from the tsunami.

            Ever the coordinator, Dave had instigated a cleanup on a remote beach of Washington State.  On October 8-9, 2011, at Cape B about fifty miles south of Cape Flattery, three members of the Olympic Peninsula Chapter of the SurfRiders Foundation gathered fifty large black plastic bags of trash.  Accessible by repelling by rope, the Coast Guard removed the bags in eight trips via helicopter.  To facilitate matters, Arnold Schouten and Ted Clayton trailered the trash to Arnold’s duck sanctuary in Port Angeles (Dry Creek Waterfowl). 

            Word spread that I would be sorting the trash.  Professor Barbara Blackie asked her students at Peninsula College and Western Washington University (Huxley) to assist with sorting the trash.  Anne Schaffer coordinated a lecture for later in the day.  On Tuesday, December 13, 2011, a dozen of us including ten volunteers of which eight were students, sorted approximately 1,500 pounds of flotsam.  About 6 pm, Jim and I addressed 125 in the Little Theater on the campus of Peninsula College, reached by driving four hours west from Seattle.  After the presentation, about 10 pm, Jim and I drove an hour west to Forks, Washington, to visit John Anderson, who had beachcombed five large buoys (Types 1, 2).

            The beach cleanup included one large black cylindrical buoy, a Styrofoam buoy, and many chunks of other Styrofoam buoys.  It seemed to me that this buoy fit the description of tsunami debris.  Arnold brought the buoy for display on stage of Little Theater.  For the first time, one of my lectures was posted on YouTube.  “The 52-minute lecture went viral,” as one of the students said later.  The beach cleanup also netted a number of large cylindrical Styrofoam buoys.  It would take the visit to John Anderson’s home to solidify my thinking that these two buoys were the dominant types of tsunami debris to first arrive in America (eventually, I would label these Types 1 and 2, referring to the big black and white buoys, respectively; Figure 1).

             For forty years, John Anderson, the plumber of Forks, Washington, has been beachcombing the northern coast of Washington State.  About 11 pm, Jim and I arrived at John’s home.  We stayed up with John and his wife Debbie, to catchup on what we all had been doing.  When I mentioned the black and white buoys found in the cleanup, John mentioned that scattered buoys like them had been washing up for years.  What was so unusual was that in the past few weeks they were arriving together in numbers.  John himself had found two black and three white ones.      

            Soon after my Port Angeles talk, the YouTube video went viral causing beachcombers to email me photo of the buoys they’d been finding.  True to John’s description, Types 1 and 2 had been washing ashore from central Oregon north to Kodiak, Alaska.  As I received the reports, I ordered them chronologically. 

            The earliest turned out to be the end of September in Kodiak, Alaska, and the SurfRider cleanup in Washington (Figure 3; list at end of report).  OSCURS confirmed that the tsunami debris began arriving in early October, a month earlier than I had predicted based on the FAD, that is, in the last week of September and first week of October, 2011 (Figure 2).  The first arrivals of the tsunami debris turned out to be the fastest flotsam I’d encountered in my 20-years’ experience.

 Figure 5.  Tsunami debris off the coast of Japan.  The batch of fishing buoys cradled between the roofs of two houses contains the three types of buoys which washed ashore during October, November and December along thousands of miles of coast from central Oregon north to Kodiak, Alaska.  Photo by US Navy Specialist 3rd Class Alexander Tidd.

Figure 6.  Tsunami debris off the coast of Japan (close up from US Navy photo in Figure 5).  The three types of buoys found along thousands of miles of shoreline in America were identified in this enlargement of the previous photo.  Note the following: At top, Type 1 black buoy; from left to right, three Type 2 white Styrofoam buoys; and two Type 3 yellow buoys (one next to a Type 2 buoy at left; the second Type 3 yellow buoy between two Type 2 buoys).  Photo enlargement by Dave Ingraham of the US Navy photo.

Transpacific Provenance

     The beachcomber reports made it clear that in three months, three types buoys washed up along thousands of miles of North American shore.    The first arrivals consisted of three kinds of buoys which are used in Japanese fisheries (Types, Figure 1; waterline, Figure 2).  These consistently showed up in three places connecting Japan and America: 1) debris stranded along tsunami coast (Figure 4); 2) US Navy photos of the tsunami debris in Japanese coastal waters (Figures 5, 6); and 3) photographs from beachcombers at locations from central Oregon north to Kodiak, Alaska which I categorized as Types, 1, 2, 3 (Figure 1).  The consistency of the photos, in addition to OSCURS simulations, led me to hypothesize these three types comprised the first wave of arrivals from the tsunami.

            As of December 30, 2011, beachcombers reported more than 23 buoys from 17 locations scattered between central Oregon to Kodiak, Alaska (shown on the OSCURS drift map in Figure 3, and the chronological tabulation at the end of this article).  Jody Godoy, (Kyodo News) traced the writing on one of John Anderson’s Type 1 buoys to an oyster farm along the tsunami coast. 

            As beachcombers reported, it became clear that the photographs provided the central clues to the first arrivals.  They proved to be as Rosetta stones in solving the mystery of identifying just what buoys were in fact first arrivals.  The three buoy types were identified in photographs of the debris piled up on and offshore of the tsunami coast.  Specifically, the three types found in America were identified in photos of fishing floats washed up in Hadenya Port on Shizugawa Bay, Minamisanriku, Japan (Figure 4).  In a US Navy photo of the debris floating offshore, the three types were identified floating with two overturned vessels, the roofs of two buildings, and numerous pieces of lumber (Figures 5, 6).

Flotsam Crosses the Pacific         

            As I write this day after Christmas, tsunami debris has been arriving for three months (October, November, December).  I remain feeling like Paul Revere seeing no lights as he spreads his warnings.  Official reports have not reached me as to any aspect of my five-point plan: 1.  Treat debris as a crash scene; 2.  Call the police, check radioactivity; 3.  Remove debris to safe sites;  4. Inspect debris for mementoes; and 5.  Notify loved ones in Japan. 

            And yet I continue sorting debris without checking for radioactivity.  I’m nearing my 70^th birthday, so maybe I’m too old to quickly pick up my lethal dose of radiation.  I worry about younger beachcombers.

            Beachcomber reports.  Tsunami buoy reports in chronological order of beachcomber finds during October-December 2011, including date and location of find, buoy types (1, 2, 3; for descriptions, see text, Figs. 4, 6), and last name of beachcomber: Sep 26-Oct 4, Kodiak, AK (1, 2, 3), Kubiak; Oct 8-9, Cape B just south of Cape Flattery, WA (1), SurfRiders; Early Oct, Yakutat, AK (2), Tony; Nov 14, Cape Meares (just south of Columbia River), OR (1), Steen; Nov 14, Long Beach Peninsula, WA (1), Lewis; Nov 16, Makah Ind. Res., WA (1), Falzetti; Nov 18, Hobuck Beach near Neah Bay, WA (1, 2), Lamont; Nov 20, Heceta Head, OR (1), Kettenhofen; Nov 19, Copalis Beach (1), Hoog; Nov 20, Yakutat, AK (1), Tony (first name only); Nov 21, Ocean Shores (Roosevelt Beach just south of Pacific Beach; 2), Cabrera; Nov 25, Grayland, WA (1), Clark; Nov 26, LaPush, WA (1), Blackstock; Dec 3-4, Kalaloch, WA (2, 3), Anderson; Dec 17-18, Yakutat, AK (1), Wicka; Dec 17, Lake Ozette, WA (1), Page; Dec 18, Rialto Beach, WA (1), Bobkoff.

            Acknowledgments.  Dave Ingraham produced the photographs.  Jody Godoy (Kyodo News) assisted with buoy identifications. Gene Woodwick coordinated the trip to Ocean Shores, and Dave Forcucci (US Coast Guard) coordinated the beach cleanup at Cape B and subsequent trash sorting in Port Angeles.  SurfRider members (Olympic Peninsula Chapter) who cleaned the beach: Shawn and Sarah Canepa, Dave Parks, Arnold Schouten, Eric Waterkotte, Mike Wheeler, and Darryl Wood.  The Makah Tribe provided access to the beach, and US Coast Guard helicopters transported the debris further inland.  Sorting the trash at Port Angeles: Ted Clayton, Kate Harper, Nicole Harris, Dan and Matthew Huard, Jim Ingraham, Chandra Johnson, Wade Raynes, Dennis Rix, Arnold Schouten, and Linda Wheelbarger.  Sponsorship of the presentation (Tuesday, December 13, 2011): Anne Shaffer, Coastal Watershed Institute (CWI, www.coastalwatershedinstitute.org), Prof Barbara Blackie (Faculty, Peninsula College & Western Washington University (WWU), Huxley; 8 of her students helped sort the beach trash), Dean Bruce Hattendorf Peninsula College (arranged for the Little Theater at Peninsula College); Port Book and News provided the book Flotsametrics and the Floating World for sale; Eric Waterkotte provided Internet Technical expertise and recorded and launched a video of my talk on YouTube (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHJK5ISKR2Q; popularity measure = 1,400 views in 15 days as of December 28, 2011); and John Gussman (Doubleclick Productions) recorded and archived a video of the presentation.